Deposition Section Bismuth
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- Deposition Section Bismuth
Methods. Unless otherwise noted, materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. The deposition of the perovskite films was studied on a typical solar cell anode stack on glass consisting of fluorine-doped Sn oxide (FTO)/compact TiO 2 (c-TiO 2)/mesoporous TiO 2 (mp-TiO 2).FTO-on-glass substrates (VisionTek Systems, 6–9 Ω/sq, 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm) …
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The SEM image of the cross-section of the Bi film electroplated with 9 mA/cm 2 at 30 °C for 2 min (a) and the deposition rate of Bi films vs. current density (b). To investigate the impact of the thickness of the Bi film on the grain size, 5 μm Bi films are …
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The surface and section morphology of cathodic deposits were detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM, TESCAN MIRA4 LMH). Surface profilometer (Zygo Newviewer 7100) with a scan area of 1.88 mm × 1.41 mm was used to acquire the three-dimensional (3D) images. ... Compared with traditional chloride system, the bismuth electro …
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In this paper, we are reporting three different growth temperatures, namely: room temperature ( 27 ° C), 150 ° C, and 460 ° C for co-deposition of bismuth and nitrogen. The results obtained from samples grown at different temperatures will be discussed in the following section.
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The decreased deposition rate in per metal cycle is somewhat expected considering the higher density of bismuth vanadates compared to vanadium oxide as bismuth vanadates contain more deposited mass per of film thickness. SEM images reveal that the resulting films were rela-tively smooth and homogeneous in cross-section without ap-
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The optimization of the thermal co-evaporation deposition process for n-type bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) thin films deposited onto polyimide substrates and intended for thermoelectric applications ...
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Cross section TEM analysis showed that the Si surface remained undamaged after the entire bonding process in the BiT case and also in the Pb( Zr,Ti)O:, case [4.5]. 4. Conclusions Bismuth titanate thin films were deposited by chemical solution deposition on different substrates including 3 inch Si and Pt/Si wafers.
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Bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3) is the currently best performing thermoelectric (TE) material in commercial TE devices for refrigeration and waste heat recovery up to 200 °C. Up to 800 μm thick, compact, uniform and stoichiometric Bi 2 Te 3 films were synthesized by pulsed electrodeposition from 2 M nitric acid baths containing bismuth and tellurium dioxide on 1 cm 2 …
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The optical properties of bismuth oxide films prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), absorption in the photon energy range 2.50–4.30 eV and optical functions (n, k, ɛ 1, and ɛ 2) in the domain 3.20–6.50 eV, have been investigated.As-prepared films (d =0.05–1.50 μm) are characterized by a mixture of polycrystalline and amorphous phases.The fundamental …
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Fig. 1(a) shows XRD patterns of bismuth-based ceramic targets. Fig. 1(b) shows XRD patterns of these thin films deposited at 650 °C with an oxygen pressure of 10 Pa.The XRD Y-Axis of Fig. 1(a) and (b) is plotted in a logarithmic scale.The deposited thin films were annealed at 700 °C.As shown in Fig. 1(a), BZNTi, BSSN and BSZN ceramics exhibit a cubic pyrochlore …
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The conductivity drops by over three orders of magnitude at temperatures less than 729 °C, when the material transforms to the monoclinic α-Bi 2 O 3 form.2, 4, 5, 9 Furthermore, the volume change that is associated with the δ-phase → α-phase transition produces cracking associated with phase transformation during cyclic heating and cooling and severe …
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In this paper, we examine the electrodeposition of bismuth films, up to 15 thick, from nitric acid electrolyte. The electrochemical reduc-tion of Bi3+ on Au was explored using cyclic …
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Experimental data and conclusions regarding the deposition of bismuth on metallic ruthenium/ruthenium oxides, and a discussion of unfinished works and potential future projects …
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For the parallel deposition of bismuth (Bi)–antimony (Sb) coatings, Bi (99.5%, Sky Spring) and Sb (99%, Aldrich) powders were applied and compared to pre-alloyed bismuth–antimony deposition. ... O
Electrochemical deposition of alkaline-earth metals (Sr and Ba) into liquid Bi was investigated in order to separate alkaline-earth ions (Sr 2+ and Ba 2+) from molten LiCl-KCl-SrCl 2-BaCl 2 solutions at 500 °C (Fig. 1). In molten LiCl-KCl-SrCl 2-BaCl 2 electrolytes, lithium ions are the least thermodynamically stable based upon the free energies of formation for pure …
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In this paper, bismuth (Bi) was successfully deposited on graphite felts to improve the electrochemical performances of vanadium redox flow batteries. Modified graphite felts with different Bi particle loadings were …
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Bismuth shows outstanding optical properties, including a metal-like response in the ultraviolet-visible range and a dielectric character with a giant refractive index in the infrared range. In recent years, such unique properties …
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Downloadable (with restrictions)! Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) and supercritical CO2 (SCO2) heat exchangers are highly recommended and designed due to their compactness and high thermal efficiency. During heat exchanger operation, however, undesired particle impurities are generated, which deposit on the surface and degrade heat transfer. To predict the deposition distribution, …
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The electrodeposition of Bi from acidic nitrate solution was examined. Bismuth deposition was determined to be quasi-reversible on Au, with a current efficiency of , based on integration of deposition and stripping voltammetric waves. No interference from nitrate reduction was found on Bi and Au, whereas nitrate reduction occurred on W and Cu electrodes.
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Bismuth deposition was determined to be quasi-reversible on Au, with a current efficiency of , based on integration of deposition and stripping voltammetric waves. No interference from nitrate reduction was found on Bi and Au, whereas nitrate reduction occurred on W and Cu electrodes. ... FE-SEM of a FIBed cross-section of a nominal 15 ...
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Bismuth-based chalcogenides, Bi 2 Se 3 and Bi 2 Te 3, are deposited on an Aluminum 6061 substrate using laser metal deposition process (LMD) and are heat-treated at 400 °C for 4 h under Argon gas. The microstructural characterization of the as-deposited and heat-treated samples of Bi 2 Se 3 and Bi 2 Te 3 are investigated using a scanning ...
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Morphology, electrochemical behavior, adhesion, and mechanical stability of bismuth coatings plated with varying parameters were characterized via optical profilometry, …
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The pre-deposition of Sn following with the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) analysis is employed to determine the Sn 2+-sensing ability of bismuth-film electrodes (BFEs).The influences of Bi microstructures, such as grain size, preferred orientation ratio between Bi(1 1 0) and Bi(0 1 2) (denoted as f), and average roughness factor …
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traps and/or recombination centers. As shown in Figure 1, the two-step deposition approach consists of coevaporation of metal halide (MI, with M = Cs, Rb, Ag) and bismuth triiodide (BiI 3) followed by a post-deposition anneal under BiI 3 vapor. An analogous approach has been successfully demonstrated for fabrication of high-quality films of Cs ...
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Section snippets; References (62) Cited by (5) ... Consequently, the collective incorporation of iodine defects and surface bismuth deposition holds great potential for synergistically enhancing the photocatalytic activity of BiOI. In this work, we introduce a novel methodology, which focuses on the creation of "edge in-situ heterogeneous ...
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A full range of CV scan for bismuth deposition was then conducted, assessing the reduction potential for bismuth onto the gold electrode. ... As suggested in Section 3.2, the rate at which lead ions adhered to the bismuth sub-layer was a time-dependent function. Experimentally, a tap water sample containing a low level of lead ions (20 µL) was ...
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Bismuth thin films have been deposited using pulsed DC magnetron sputter deposition under four deposition conditions, combining powers of 50 and 100 W and argon gas pressures, 2 and 10 mTorr. Estimated deposition rates were between 0.08 and 3.5 nm s−1. The films were examined using scanning electron microscopy, cross-sectioning using a focussed …
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In this paper, we examine the electrodeposition of bismuth films, up to 15 μm thick, from nitric acid electrolyte. The electrochemical reduction of Bi 3+ on Au was explored using …
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Bismuth oxide thin films have been produced from the precursor of triphenyl bismuth and ozone by using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The growth rate of 0.23 Å/cycle is independent to deposition temperature at the range of 250 °C to 320 °C, and the self-limiting saturated adsorption of ALD for bismuth-source and oxygen-source precursors was …
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The results indicated that the inlet section had a high concentration and deposition rate. At the inlet, the deposition rate in LBE was higher than SCO 2. Specifically, particle deposition in LBE was concentrated mainly in the inlet section, while it occurred throughout the entire channel in SCO 2. An increase of particle diameter and ...
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A number of interesting optical and electrical properties have been demonstrated in bismuth oxide. These properties include a high optical nonlinearity in optical fiber [1, 2], good photosensitivity in the ultraviolet wavelength range [], an optical bandgap varying from 2 to 3.96 eV depending on the deposition technology [], and an electrical conductivity dependent on the …
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Bismuth oxide thin films have been produced from the precursor of triphenyl bismuth and ozone by using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The growth rate of 0.23 Å/cycle is independent to deposition temperature at the range of 250 °C to 320 °C, and the self-limiting saturated adsorption of ALD for bismuth-source and oxygen-source ...
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In-situ deposition owns great advantage for that the co-deposition of Bi 3+ and Cd 2+ can enhance the enrichment of Cd 2+ by forming Bi-Cd alloy, thus improving the detection sensitivity 23. Besides, in-situ deposition is easy handling and time-saving, avoids the risk of degradation and uneven distribution of modified bismuth 24.
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Section snippets; References (57) Cited by (4) Electrochimica Acta. Volume 451, 20 May 2023, 142287. Laser ablated uniform deposition of bismuth oxide film as efficient anode for zinc based flow battery. Author links open overlay panel Raghupandiyan Naresh a c, Ramasamy Velmurugan b c, Balasubramanian Subramanian b c, Pitchai Ragupathy a c.
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In agreement with Cao et al [] we have found that whiskers or nanorods grow spontaneously during the deposition of bismuth thin films, when the conditions are appropriate.We have found that whiskers grow on thin films of bismuth deposited onto all of the flat substrates that we have investigated at any temperature up to a maximum temperature that was in part …
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Bismuth, recognized as a strategic metal, finds extensive application across various domains such as chemical engineering [1], metallurgy [2], lead-free radiation shielding [3], semiconductors [4], ceramics [5], biomedicine [6], energy storage [7], and 3D [8].In 2017 and 2018, bismuth was designated a critical raw material by the European Union [9] and the …
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